A Merged CYGNSS Soil Moisture Product Using a Minimum Variance Estimator

Hodges, E., Chew, C., Small, E. E., Bai, D., Al-khaldi, M., Ouellette, J., Johnson, J., Kurum, M., Gurbuz, A., Senyurek, V., & Nabi, M. (2025). A Merged CYGNSS Soil Moisture Product Using a Minimum Variance Estimator. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. IEEE. 1, 1-1. DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2025.3597532.

Abstract

Data from the NASA Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission have shown promise for the retrieval of soil moisture, and many soil moisture products using CYGNSS data have been developed. In this work, we present a merged product that combines several CYGNSS soil moisture products using a Minimum Variance Estimator (MVE). The MVE identifies an optimal weighted averaging scheme based on the error covariance characteristics of the CYGNSS soil moisture products. The error covariance matrix is computed using two reference datasets: soil moisture data from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radiometer and in situ soil moisture data. The results from each of these provide insights into both the performance of the merged product and the individual input CYGNSS products. Overall, the merged product offers better performance than any individual CYGNSS product while also offering better temporal resolution than SMAP. The results of this work also demonstrate that the use of the MVE is a compelling technique for soil moisture applications.